CES Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation

Met CES wordt beoogd alerlei kwalen en ziektes tegen te gaan door met hoofdcontacten van allerlei aard (neusclips, oorclips, contactmutsen, hoofdbanden, etc.) stroomstootjes af te geven.

Zoals hieronder valt te lezen, met zeer betwijfelbare resultaten:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_electrotherapy_stimulation

CES has been suggested as a possible treatment for headaches, fibromyalgia, smoking cessation, and opiate withdrawal,[1] but there is little evidence of effectiveness for many of these conditions and the evidence for use in acute depression is not sufficient to justify it.

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In the United States, CES technology is classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a Class III medical device and must be dispensed by or on the order of a licensed healthcare practitioner, i.e., a physician, psychiatrist, nurse practitioner, psychologist, physician assistant, or occupational therapist who has an appropriate electrotherapy license, dependent upon state regulations.[10] The United States requires a prescription for CES devices from a licensed healthcare practitioner. The FDA says that there are 11 CES devices cleared for marketing in the United States

https://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/ces.html

In other words, the review team concluded that CES devices have been proven more effective than sham treatment for anxiety and possibly a few other uses. However, that does not indicate how practical it is to use them. Insomnia, anxiety and depression have many possible causes and many possible treatments. I believe that the best approach to these problems is to understand and deal with the cause rather than merely trying to reduce the symptoms. As far as I know, no studies have determined that CES is the best available treatment for any condition. Aetna's Clinical Policy Bulletin states:

Aetna considers transcranial magnetic stimulation experimental and investigational for the diagnosis and treatment of major depression, other neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) or any other indications (e.g., chronic pain, migraine headaches, Tourette syndrome, tinnitus, and levodopa-induced dyskinesia) because its value and effectiveness in these roles has not been established [7].